醍醐灌顶是什么肖 醍醐灌顶是什么意思 咄嗟 蹀躞 耄耋 饕餮

作者:王晓辉
成语是语言中定型的语汇,经过千百年披沙拣金,凝练而成 。很多成语源自古代典籍和故事,是文化中的“活化石”;还有很多成语是老百姓日常用语,浅显易懂,却富于哲理 。但在翻译过程中,成语又成了译者的难关,甚至是“绊脚石” 。译得好,能使原文与译文相得益彰;译不好,就像是贴上去的补丁,与原文格格不入 。
《红楼梦》中有3000多个成语,这些成语在曹雪芹笔下,撒豆成兵,熠熠生辉,那么,翻译家们又是怎么处理的呢?
我们先来看两个背后有典故的成语:得陇望蜀和助纣为虐 。
得陇望蜀,语出《后汉书》:“人苦不知足,既平陇,复望蜀” 。《红楼梦》第48回,香菱要宝钗教她作诗,宝钗笑道:“我说你‘得陇望蜀’呢 。我劝你且缓一缓 。”

醍醐灌顶是什么肖 醍醐灌顶是什么意思 咄嗟 蹀躞 耄耋 饕餮

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汉英词典上对“得陇望蜀”常见的解释是:covet Sichuan after capturing Gansu -- have insatiable desires; give him an inch and he'll ask for a mile; avarice knows no bound 。字典给出的译法,当然是百分百的正确,但如果照搬到宝钗的话里,就不那么合适了 。直译covet Sichuan after capturing Gansu最不可取,外国读者既不知道《后汉书》中的典故,也不知道“陇”和“蜀”究竟是个啥;avarice knows no bound语气又过于重了,avarice在英语中贬义明显,而宝钗只是与香菱开玩笑而已,并非真正说她贪婪 。give him an inch and he'll ask for a mile语气恰当,但需要调整修改才能放到情境当中 。
霍克斯教授的译文:You're like the famous general: 'one conquest breeds appetite for another'. I advise you to take things more gently.
杨宪益先生的译文:"The more you get, the more you want!" chuckled Pao-chai.
霍、杨两位先生的翻译都跳出了原文成语的圈子,杨宪益的翻译意思准确,直截了当,外国读者一看就懂;霍克斯教授的译法最接近原文,只是没有说出“陇”和“蜀”而已 。“得陇望蜀”是东汉皇帝刘秀对他的一个将军岑彭讲的话,所以霍克斯在译文中加上了“You're like the famous general:”, 既保证了句子的完整,又使general(将军)与后面的conquest(征服)遥相呼应,浑然一体 。
助纣为虐,出自司马迁的《史记·留侯世家》:“今始入秦,即安其乐,此所谓助纣为虐 。” 曹雪芹在《红楼梦》第9回把这个成语用在了贾瑞身上:“附助着薛蟠图些银钱酒肉,一任薛蟠横行霸道,他不但不去管约,反助纣为虐讨好儿” 。
杨宪益先生的翻译:In return for money and good meals from Hsueh Pan, he had not checked his disgraceful behavior but actually abetted him in order to curry favor.
霍克斯教授的译文:In return for money, drinks, and dinners, he had lately given Xue Pan a free hand in his nefarious activities -- had, indeed, not only remained from interfering with him, but even "aided the tyrant in his tyranny".
杨先生还是一贯的简洁明了,将原文的意思准确地呈现给读者;霍克斯还是一贯的滴水不漏,将整句话逐字译出 。用“aided the tyrant in his tyranny”来翻译“助纣为虐”,不仅读起来抑扬顿挫,意思上也与原文十分接近 。tyrant(暴君)对应“纣”,tyranny(暴行)对应“虐”,恰到好处 。
《红楼梦》中还有很多与佛教有关的成语,如“醍醐灌顶”、“一子出家,七祖升天”等 。第63回,妙玉自称为“槛外之人”,宝玉不懂,后经邢岫烟解释,他才明白 。原文:宝玉听了,如醍醐灌顶,“哎呦”了一声,方笑道:“怪道我们家庙说是‘铁槛寺’呢!原来有此一说 。”
醍醐灌顶是什么肖 醍醐灌顶是什么意思 咄嗟 蹀躞 耄耋 饕餮

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醍醐灌顶意思是灌输智慧,就好似将醍醐(乳酪)从人的头上灌下去一样,令人豁然开朗 。《敦煌变文集·维摩诘经讲经文》:“令问维摩,闻名之如露入心,共语似醍醐灌顶 。”
杨宪益先生的译文:Pao-yu felt as if Buddha had suddenly shown him the light. "Aiya!" he exclaimed. "No wonder our family temple is called Iron Threshold Temple. So that's the origin of the name."
霍克斯教授的译文:The scriptures tell us that the revelation of the Buddha-truth comes "like ghee poured upon the head", Bao-yu must have had some such feeling as he listened to Xiu-yan, for he first of all gave a gasp of discovery and then laughed out loud.
"I see! That is why our family temple is called the 'Temple of the Iron Threshold'!"
杨宪益先生的译文清晰明快,“醍醐灌顶”的翻译更是精彩 。一般字典上都将“醍醐灌顶”翻译成be filled with wisdom, be enlightened,这样翻译意思是对了,但是没有体现出原文的佛教色彩 。而杨先生的译文,Pao-yu felt as if Buddha had suddenly shown him the light,用suddenly强调顿悟,用show the light比喻灵光乍现,用Buddha还原了原文的佛教色彩 。