巴洛克时期德国作曲家约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫( 二 ) _生活百科

文章插图
魏玛城堡教堂1724年，巴赫的主人克滕亲王对音乐的兴趣似乎淡漠了，于是他辞去了宫廷中的职务，来到莱比锡出任圣托马斯教堂学校的乐监（音乐指导），在那里他度过了一生中余下的27年时间。此后，克滕镇因为巴赫的音乐而充满活力：其合唱团自1906年起就沿用巴赫的名字、1935年创立的“巴赫音乐节”、1967年为纪念巴赫在这里供职250周年轮番举办了“巴赫音乐节”及“巴赫音乐比赛” ，并将此作为传统延续至今，而当时的组织者也就此成立下来，即为今天的“克滕巴赫社团” 。1983年克滕历史博物馆专门开放了“巴赫纪念馆” 。莱比锡时代（1723～1750）莱比锡时期是巴赫一生中最漫长的一个时期，也是创作最多的时期。此时的巴赫无论演奏技巧还是作曲水平都已到了炉火纯青的地步。他在莱比锡谱写的杰作，有感人至深的《b小调弥撒》和《马太受难曲》，《平均律钢琴曲集》第二卷和体现他高深作曲造诣的《赋格的艺术》等。1747年，这位无冕音乐之王去波茨坦旅行时被另一位国王——普鲁士国王腓特烈二世召见，并进行了即兴演奏。在座的观众无不为之折服。第二年，巴赫把这次演奏的主题加以发展，写成了另一部总吉他作曲和演奏艺术的作品—《音乐的奉献》。在莱比锡，巴赫作为圣托马斯男声合唱团的指挥度过了27年，由于他长期用眼过度，巴赫视力减退，晚年患白内障失明，但他仍用口授的方式坚持创作。在逝世的前几天，他还在口授一首众讚歌《走向主的神坛》。乐曲每一个音符都表达出老人生前最后的虔诚祈祷，最后在第二十六小节处戛然而止，成了大师的绝笔之作。1750年7月28日夜里，巴赫的一生画上了最后一个休止符，于莱比锡逝世。三天后，约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫在莱比锡圣约翰教堂墓地下葬。婚姻子嗣巴赫二十一岁时同大他一岁的的堂姐玛利亚·芭芭拉结为伉俪，他们一共生了七个孩子，但是当巴赫三十五岁时妻子不幸离世。翌年他鸾凤再续，可是他的第二个妻子非但不能帮助抚养头七个孩子，反而又给他生了十三个。巴赫死后只留下九个儿女，其中有四个成为着名的音乐家。主要作品巴赫的作品的目录中，使用的BWV ，是德文“Bach Werke Verzeichnis”的缩写，意译即“巴赫作品目录” 。这个分类体系由沃尔夫冈·史密德（Wolfgang Schmieder）完成于1950年。此分类法依据是体裁，而非作品的创作年代。TitleBWVOp.No.Inst.Type? Overture in the French style in B Minor, BWV 831831--- Piano SoloOverture? Partita No. 1 in B? Major, BWV 825825--- Piano SoloPartita? Partita No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 826826--- Piano SoloPartita? Partita No. 3 in A Minor, BWV 827827--- Piano SoloPartita? Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 850850--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 857857--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 846846--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 847847--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C? Major, BWV 848848--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C? Minor, BWV 849849--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851851--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E? Major, BWV 852852--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in E? Minor, BWV 853853--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 854854--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 855855--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 856856--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F? Minor, BWV 858858--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F? Minor, BWV 859859--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 860860--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 861861--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A? Major, BWV 862862--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G? Minor, BWV 863863--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 864864--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 865865--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B? Major, BWV 866866--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B? Minor, BWV 867867--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 868868--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 869869--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 870870--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 888888--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 889889--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B? Major, BWV 890890--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B? Minor, BWV 891891--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 892892--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 893893--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G? Minor, BWV 887887--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A? Major, BWV 886886--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 885885--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 884884--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F? Minor, BWV 883883--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F? Major, BWV 882882--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 881881--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 880880--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 879879--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 878878--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in D? Minor, BWV 877877--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E? Major, BWV 876876--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 875875--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 874874--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C? Minor, BWV 873873--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C? Major, BWV 872872--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 871871--- Piano SoloPrelude and Fugue? Partita No. 4 in D Major, BWV 828828--- Piano SoloPartita? Partita No. 5 in G Major, BWV 829829--- Piano SoloPartita? Partita No. 6 in E Minor, BWV 830830--- Piano SoloPartita? Invention No. 14 in B? Major, BWV 785, No. 14785-14- Piano SoloInvention? Toccata No. 1, BWV 910910--- Piano SoloToccata? Toccata No. 2, BWV 911911--- Piano SoloToccata? Toccata No. 3, BWV 912912--- Piano SoloToccata? Toccata No. 4, BWV 913913--- Piano SoloToccata? Toccata No. 5, BWV 914914--- Piano SoloToccata? Toccata No. 6, BWV 915915--- Piano SoloToccata? Toccata No. 7, BWV 916916--- Piano SoloToccata? Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 903903--- Piano SoloFantasy? Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 939, No. 1939-1- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 941, No. 3941-3- Piano SoloPrélude? Invention No. 1 in C Major, BWV 772, No. 1772-1- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 784, No. 13784-13- Piano SoloInvention? Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 925925--- Piano SoloPrélude? Sinfonia No. 6 in E Major, BWV 792, No. 6792-6- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 793, No. 7793-7- Piano SoloInvention? English Suite, BWV 806, No. 1806-1- Piano SoloSuite? English Suite, BWV 807, No. 2807-2- Piano SoloSuite? English Suite, BWV 808, No. 3808-3- Piano SoloSuite? English Suite, BWV 810, No. 5810-5- Piano SoloSuite? English Suite, BWV 809, No. 4809-4- Piano SoloSuite? English Suite, BWV 811, No. 6811-6- Piano SoloSuite? Fantasia and Fugue in A Minor, BWV 904904--- Piano Solo–? Italian Concerto, BWV 971971--- Piano SoloConcerto? Suite in A minor, BWV 818818--- Piano SoloSuite? French Suite in E Major, BWV 817, No. 6817-6- Piano SoloSuite? French Suite in G Major, BWV 816, No. 5816-5- Piano SoloSuite? French Suite in E? Major, BWV 815, No. 4815-4- Piano SoloSuite? French Suite in B Minor, BWV 814, No. 3814-3- Piano SoloSuite? French Suite in C Minor, BWV 813, No. 2813-2- Piano SoloSuite? French Suite in D Minor, BWV 812, No. 1812-1- Piano SoloSuite? Invention No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 773, No. 2773-2- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 3 in D Major, BWV 774, No. 3774-3- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 775, No. 4775-4- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 5 in E? Major, BWV 776, No. 5776-5- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 6 in E Major, BWV 777, No. 6777-6- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 778, No. 7778-7- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 8 in F Major, BWV 779, No. 8779-8- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 780, No. 9780-9- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 10 in G Major, BWV 781, No. 10781-10- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 12 in A Major, BWV 783, No. 12783-12- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 786, No. 15786-15- Piano SoloInvention? Invention No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 782, No. 11782-11- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 801, No. 15801-15- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 12 in A Major, BWV 798, No. 12798-12- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 14 in B? Major, BWV 800, No. 14800-14- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 799, No. 13799-13- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 797, No. 11797-11- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 10 in G Major, BWV 796, No. 10796-10- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 8 in F Major, BWV 794, No. 8794-8- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 795, No. 9795-9- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 5 in E? Major, BWV 791, No. 5791-5- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 790, No. 4790-4- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 3 in D Major, BWV 789, No. 3789-3- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 788, No. 2788-2- Piano SoloInvention? Sinfonia No. 1 in C Major, BWV 787, No. 1787-1- Piano SoloInvention? Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 940, No. 2940-2- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 942, No. 4942-4- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 943, No. 5943-5- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 938938--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in E Major, BWV 937937--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 936936--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 928928--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in C Minor, BWV 934934--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 926926--- Piano SoloPrélude? Capriccio sopra la lontananza del suo fratello dilettissimo (Capriccio on the Departure of his Beloved Brother), BWV 992992--- Piano SoloCaprice? Fugue in C Major, BWV 952952--- Piano SoloFugue? Fugue in C Major, BWV 953953--- Piano SoloFugue? Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 906906--- Piano Solo–? Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 927927--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 929929--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 930930--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 931931--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 932932--- Piano SoloPrélude? Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 924924--- Piano SoloPrélude? Suite for Orchestra No. 1 in C Major, BWV 10661066--OrchestraSuite? Violin Concerto in A Minor, BWV 10411041--Violin & OrchestraConcerto? Violin Sonata No. 1 in G Minor, BWV 10011001--Violin SoloSonata? Violin Partita No. 1 in B Minor, BWV 10021002--Violin SoloPartita? Violin Sonata No. 2 in A Minor, BWV 10031003--Violin SoloSonata? Violin Partita No. 2 in D Minor, BWV 10041004--Violin SoloPartita? Violin Sonata No. 3 in C Major, BWV 10051005--Violin SoloSonata? Violin Partita No. 3 in E Major, BWV 10061006--Violin SoloPartita? Violin Sonata in E Minor, BWV 10231023--Violin & PianoSonata? Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C Minor---–Concerto? Great Fantasia and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542542--OrganPrelude and Fugue? Suite for Cello No. 3, BWV 10091009--–Suite? Goldberg Variations, BWV 988988--- Piano SoloVariation? Chorale, BWV 514514--- Piano Solo– 创作风格主题风格巴赫的作品深沉、悲壮、广阔、内在，充满了18世纪上半叶德国现实生活的气息。他笃信宗教，是位路德教徒。他希望他的乐曲为教会服务，大多数作品也都是宗教音乐。他的音乐体现了生活在18世纪德国普通市民的思想。他深受着生活给他带来的痛苦，拥有丰富而深刻的生活感受，虽然他消极、屈服，还没有看到改变生活的途径。但他觉得一个人必须有坚强的意志、崇高的信念、自我牺牲的精神——这就是巴赫在他的艺术中所反映的主要内容。他的作品从不同角度、用不同的形象反映了十八世纪德国市民之间的这种人文主义的思想。他是最后一位伟大的宗教艺术家，他认为音乐是“讚颂上帝的和谐声音” ，讚颂上帝是人类生活的中心内容。他的音乐最初就是从被称作讚美诗的路德圣咏而产生的。通过旋律可以看出作曲家结合了当时流行的通俗之声。在音乐形式上他无意创新，而是把现有的形式推上顶峰。巴赫的作品含有一定的哲学伦理的意义，但他的表现形式却不是抽象的、教条的。相反，在他的作品中，哲学伦理思想是和抒情、写景紧密结合的，他虽然不像亨德尔那样大量运用造型手法，但是为了烘托一定的内心情绪，巴赫也不避免藉助于自然景物的描绘（如风吹、河流) 。巴赫的音乐内容的间接性决定了他的音乐风格的版活性和综合性。巴赫的声乐风格和器乐风格之间没有截然的区别，他创造了声乐器乐综合的新风格。声乐作品他谱写了许多充满戏剧性因素的大型声乐作品，其中《马太受难曲》、《b小调弥撒》是最有影响的作品。在这些作品中，巴赫作为一个虔诚的新教教徒，通过宗教音乐形式（受难曲、弥撒、经文歌、康塔塔等），抒发了对人类灾难、痛苦的怜悯、同情以及对和平与幸福未来的渴望。巴赫的声乐作品中以康塔塔最为丰富多彩。巴赫的康塔塔一方面继承了接近歌剧的世俗“康路塔”的传统，另一方面继承了接近复调合唱的宗教康塔塔的传统，创造出一种声乐器乐综合的新型的康塔塔。它无论在内容上和风格上都比旧的康塔塔要深刻、丰富多了。巴赫的康塔塔也有世俗与宗教之分。他的世俗康塔塔大半是为官场应酬的需要而写的，歌词大半是一些借古希腊神话小人物来对贵族歌功颂德的无聊词句。但巴赫常常超越出歌词酌範围之外，抓住个别不主要的字句，借题发挥，写成一首生动有趣的音乐作品，例如《农民康塔塔》。这首康塔塔由两个农民用撒克逊地方方言互相唱答，带着很浓厚的民间谈话的风趣。巴赫的宗教康塔塔是他长期经常写作的体裁，数量很多，几乎占他全部音乐作品的半数。这些曲子的内容深刻而丰富，表现方法亦非常多样，而且不断演变。最初巴赫以合唱式的康塔塔开始，后来扩大了康塔塔的範围，写了一些室内性的独唱康塔塔也写了各种不同形式康塔塔，纯粹合唱的康塔塔反而写得少。巴赫在他的宗教康塔塔中所用的形式也很多民他的宣叙调、咏叹调、重唱、合唱都有他自己独创的特点。康塔塔是器乐和声乐综合的体氯器乐部分不是伴奏器乐部分用小合奏、大合奏或其他不同的乐器组织。和康塔塔一样，巴赫的受难乐也是器乐声乐的综合体裁；巴赫根据表现不同阶段的心理状态的需免自由运用了声乐和器乐酌各种不同的形式。巴赫利用弥撒的形式发展音乐概括的思维，创造了丰富的音乐形象，表达丁深刻酌思想感情。在这一点上他和亨德尔相似，他们都远远摆脱了当时歌剧艺术的局限性，但他们又返回了宗教音乐。这虽然是具体历史条件所造成的必然结果，这种矛盾在巴赫的弥撒曲中表现得尤为严重。器乐作品巴赫的器乐以羽管键琴音乐为最重要。他的羽管键琴作品比起前人的以及他的同代人的作品来，在内容、体裁和风格上都要丰富得多。巴赫在创作羽管键琴音乐的过程中，借鉴各方面的经验来丰富羽管键琴音乐的内容、体裁和风格；例如他从风琴音乐中吸取了它的即兴性和悲壮气概，他又把来源于风琴古乐的复调形式在羽管键琴的特点的基础上加以发展。他吸取了法国羽管键琴家的经验，写丁舞曲组成的组曲；学习了义大利小提琴音乐风格和多·斯卡拉蒂的羽管键琴音乐风格，这种影响在他的变奏曲和《c小调幻想EQ》中最为显着。巴赫的舞曲源自日常生活和历史传统，他的音乐从来没有脱离德国的音乐传统。《平均律钢琴曲集》是巴赫在“纯音乐”领域留下的重要遗产之一。作为一部具有德意志精神的作品，《平均律钢琴曲集》体现出了那种严谨的德国式思维。另外，巴赫的《法国组曲》、《英国组曲》和六首《布兰登堡协奏曲》等乐队作品，也都表达了作曲家对和平和美好生活的祈求与渴望。这些作品在德意志民族人民的内心深处激起了强烈的共鸣。后世影响巴赫是16世纪以来集尼德兰、义大利和法国音乐之大成的最伟大的作曲家，被尊为“近代音乐之父” 。他的作品既具有高度的逻辑性，结构严密，又具有内在的哲理性，深刻隽永。由于他具有人道主义的崇高信念和对美好生活不屈不挠的追求，他的音乐往往生气勃勃，富有人情味。冯兰认为巴赫是世界作曲家中水平最高的、最伟大的作曲家。

巴洛克时期德国作曲家 约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫( 二 )

巴洛克时期德国作曲家约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫( 二 )